Stepped acoustic impedance-matching transformer for very narrow channel acoustic traveling wave lens waveguide

ABSTRACT

An acoustic impedance-matching transformer includes a tapered acoustic energy transmission (metal) block, having an acoustic impedance less than that of a piezo-electric transducer in a metric direction toward that of the acoustic propagation medium of the waveguide, and by an amount that allows tailoring of the relative spatial dimensions of mating surfaces of the transducer and the block, so as to provide efficient broadband coupling of acoustic energy. The surface area of the end face of the block engaging the transducer is a corresponding fraction of the area of the transducer. The tapered block focuses acoustic energy toward the input aperture of the waveguide channel. The taper is determined in accordance with difference between the acoustic impedance of the aluminum block and that of a second acoustic wave propagation element, such as a quarter-wave section of plexiglass, interposed between the waveguide channel and the tapered block.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to laser beam scanning systems,and is particularly directed to a acoustic impedance transformer, whichis interposed between a relatively large sized, electrically drivenpiezoelectric transducer and an acousto-optic medium. The acousticimpedance transformer is configured to effectively match the impedanceof the acoustic transducer with that of the acoustic wave propagationmedium of the acousto-optic waveguide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the configuration of a guidedacoustic travelling wave lens device—one that employs a relativelynarrowly dimensioned traveling wave channel—as comprising a laser 10,the optical beam output 11 of which is focussed by a cylindrical lensarrangement 12 and deflected by a mirror 13 onto an acousto-optic beamdeflector 14, to which an RF input signal is applied. Theacousto-optically modulated beam is then reimaged by a furtherspherical—cylindrical lens arrangement 15 onto a traveling lens cell 16,that contains a traveling wave lens transport medium 17 and a travelingwave lens launching transducer 18. The scanned beam is then imaged ontoan image collection medium, such as a photographic film 19.

In a number of applications, the acousto-optic waveguide may beconfigured as a reduced height, guided acoustic travelling wave lens(ATWL) waveguide device, such as that diagrammatically illustrated at 30in FIG. 2. In this type of acoustic wave guide architecture, a first end32 of the waveguide has an acoustic wave input aperture 34 (to which anacoustic wave-launching piezo-electric transducer is coupled), at aninput end of a relatively narrow (fluid-containing) channel 36, having across-section of width w and height h, where w>>h.

For a non-limiting illustration of examples of documentation describingsuch guided acoustic traveling wave lens devices, attention may bedirected to an article entitled: “Optical Beam Deflection UsingAcoustic-Traveling-Wave Technology,” by R. H. Johnson et al, presentedat the SPIE Symposium On Optical, Electro-Optical, Laser andPhotographic Technology, August 1976, FIG. 6 of which corresponds toFIG. 1, above, an article entitled: “Guided acoustic traveling wave lensfor high-speed optical scanners,” by S. K. Yao et al, Applied Optics,Vol. 18, pp 446-453, February 1979, and the U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,592 toFoster.

In a reduced height guided wave device, because the acoustictransmission properties of the acoustic propagation medium (fluid)within the waveguide channel 36 are considerably different from those ofthe transducer being used to launch the acoustic wave into thewaveguide, there is a substantial acoustic impedance mismatch betweenthe transducer and the waveguide. Indeed, the acoustic impedance of thewaveguide may be on the order of twenty or more times that of thetransducer.

In such a circumstance, in order to provide significant energy couplingfrom the transducer to the waveguide's acoustic propagation medium (e.g.water), the transducer must be allowed to resonate to very largeinternal power. This causes two problems. First, the acoustic transduceris prone to failure, as the result of the very substantial acousticstresses required. Second, the bandwidth is limited.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, this electrical and acousticimpedance mismatch problem is successfully obviated by means of anacoustic impedance-matching transformer that is inserted between theacousto-optic medium and a piezo-electric transducer. The acousticimpedance-matching transformer is configured to effectively match theacoustic impedance of the acoustic transducer with that of theacousto-optic medium.

For this purpose, the acoustic impedance transformer is structured as acombination of steps and tapers, in the form of a cascaded series ofacoustic propagation elements of successively decreasing acousticimpedance. At each interface between adjacent elements, the abuttingsurfaces or the elements are physically configured to provide aneffectively acoustic impedance match between the elements, and therebyan efficient coupling of the acoustic energy from an element ofrelatively higher acoustic impedance material to an element ofrelatively lower acoustic impedance material. Over the length of thetransformer, this sequential ‘stepping’ of the acoustic impedance andconfigurations of the abutting surfaces of successively adjacentelements operates to effectively match the acoustic impedance of thepiezo-electric transducer to that of the liquid acoustic traveling wavelens.

The first acoustic wave propagation element of the transformer comprisesa relatively dense, acoustic energy transmission material, such as ametal (e.g., aluminum) block. This first element has an acousticimpedance that differs (or is stepped down) from that of thepiezo-electric transducer in a metric direction toward the relativelysmall acoustic impedance of the acoustic propagation medium (water)within the ATWL waveguide. In order to compensate for this difference inthe acoustic impedances of the materials of the transducer and thealuminum block, the dimensions of the two materials in the direction ofthe step must be smaller than the acoustic wavelength in the respectivematerial. To this end, the spatial dimensions of the surface of theblock are larger than those of the abutting the wave-launching surfaceof the transducer, and by an amount proportional to the inverse ratio oftheir respective acoustic impedances, whereby the resultingacoustic-coupling interface provides broadband efficient coupling ofacoustic energy therebetween.

Although such dimensioning of the engaging faces of the piezo-electrictransducer and the aluminum block ensures efficient coupling of acousticenergy from the transducer into the aluminum block, the cross-section ofthe aluminum block at its acoustic energy receiving face adjoining thepiezo-electric transducer is still larger than that of the acoustic wavecoupling aperture of the waveguide channel. Also, the acoustic impedanceof the aluminum block is considerably larger than that of the waveguidechannel.

These differences are compensated by tapering the aluminum block towardthe aperture of the waveguide channel, so as to focus the acousticenergy to a high acoustic energy density value at a reducedcross-section end face adjacent to the acoustic input aperture to thewaveguide, and by providing a second transformer element between thereduced cross-section end face of the tapered aluminum block and theacoustic input aperture to the waveguide. The extent to which the firsttransformer block is tapered is determined in accordance with thedifference between the acoustic impedance of the aluminum block and thatof the second acoustic wave propagation element, such as a section ofplexiglass or the like, so as to provide a compensating abutting surfacearea mismatch therebetween, as in the case of the piezo-electrictransducer and the input end of the tapered aluminum block.

The plexiglass section has a cross-section corresponding to that of theacoustic input aperture of the waveguide. Since plexiglass has anacoustic impedance that is approximately twice that of water, it isconfigured as a quarter-wave plate section, so as to provide an acousticimpedance match between its interface with the reduced cross-section endof the tapered aluminum block and the waveguide.

The combined effect of the increased acoustic power density at the exitend of the aluminum block, the increased cross-sectional area of theplexiglass quarter-wave plate, and the ratios among the acousticimpedance parameters of the mutually adjoining aluminum block,quarter-wave plate and waveguide channel thereby provides an efficient,broadband coupling into the waveguide channel of acoustic energyoriginally launched from the piezo-electric transducer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the configuration of a guidedacoustic travelling wave lens device;

FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates a conventional acoustic travelingwave lens waveguide of a fixed narrow rectangular channel cross-sectionof fixed width and height;

FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates an acoustic impedance-matchingtransformer in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates a mounting arrangement for theacoustic impedance-matching transformer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the narrow channel waveguideaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As noted earlier, in applications that employ a fluid medium(rectangular) waveguide of very reduced height cross-section (i.e.,having a fixed width w and height h (where h<<w)), the substantialmismatch between the acoustic transmission properties of the acousticwave propagation medium (water) and those of the (piezo-electric)transducer typically creates a significant disparity between theacoustic and electrical impedance parameters of the piezo-electrictransducer and those of downstream and upstream components to which itis coupled.

This impedance mismatch problem is successfully obviated by means of theacoustic impedance transformer structure diagrammatically illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4, in which an acoustic impedance-matching transformer 40 isinserted between the relatively narrow acoustic wave coupling aperture34 of the waveguide channel 36 and a piezo-electric transducer 50, towhich a drive signal is applied from upstream RF drive signal interfacecircuitry 60.

To compensate for this mismatch, the acoustic impedance transformer 40includes a first acoustic wave propagation element 41, in the form ofrelatively dense, acoustic energy transmission material, such as metal(e.g., aluminum as a non-limiting example). The aluminum block 41 has anacoustic impedance that differs from that of the piezo-electrictransducer 50 in a direction toward that of the acoustic propagationmedium (water) of the waveguide. Namely, the acoustic impedance of thefirst transformer element is ‘stepped-down’ from that of thepiezo-electric transducer. Because of the difference, the relativespatial dimensions of the mating surfaces of the transducer 50 and thealuminum block 41 are tailored by an amount that provides broadbandefficient coupling of acoustic energy (i.e., provide an effectivelyimpedance-matched acoustic interface) therebetween.

For the illustrated example, the ratio of the respective acousticimpedances of the piezo-electric transducer 50 and the aluminum block 40is 32.3/17.3; this means that to provide an efficient coupling ofacoustic energy between these two components, the surface area of theend face 42 of the aluminum block 41 engaging the acoustic energylaunching face 52 of transducer 50 should be a corresponding multiple of(32.2/17.3 times) the area of the acoustic energy-launching face 52 oftransducer 50. As a non-limiting example, therefore, assuming the samedimension (e.g., 5 mm) in the width direction of the various components,and with a piezo-electric transducer height on the order of 1.6 mm, theheight 43 of the end face 42 of the aluminum block 40 needs to be(32.3/17.3) times the height 53 of end face 52 of piezo-electrictransducer 50, or approximately 3 mm. For a 500 KHz system, the acousticwavelength in aluminum is 12 mm, so that the height of the aluminum isconsiderably less than the wavelength.

Although such dimensioning of the engaging faces of the piezo-electrictransducer 50 and the aluminum block 41 serves to provide efficientcoupling of acoustic energy from the transducer into the aluminum block,the cross-sectional area (3 mm×5 mm) of the aluminum block at itsacoustic energy receiving face 42 is considerably larger than that (1mm×5 mm) of the acoustic wave coupling aperture 34 of the waveguidechannel 36. In addition, event though the acoustic impedance of thealuminum block 41 is less than the that of the piezo-electrictransducer, it is still considerably larger than that of the propagationmedium (e.g., water) of the waveguide channel 36.

To compensate for this front end mismatch, the aluminum block 41 isphysically tapering toward the acoustic input aperture 34 of thewaveguide channel. This has the effect of concentrating or focusing theacoustic energy traveling through the aluminum block, so as to achieve aprescribed acoustic energy power density at a reduced cross-section endface 44 of the aluminum block adjacent to the acoustic aperture of thewaveguide. The extent to which the acoustic energy is concentrated atthe end face 44 of the aluminum block 41 is determined in accordancewith difference between the acoustic impedance of the aluminum block anda further ‘stepped-down’ impedance of a second acoustic wave propagationelement 70, such as a section of plexiglass or the like, as anon-limiting example. This further impedance-transforming element isphysically sized to match the size of the acoustic input aperture 34 ofthe waveguide.

Plexiglas has an acoustic impedance (e.g., 3.16×10⁶) that is less thanthat of the tapered aluminum block, but greater than (approximatelytwice that of water (1.5×10⁶) the waveguide channel 36. Based upon theseparameters, the second (plexiglass) element 70 may be configured as aquarter-wave plate. Since the plexiglass element 70 has the samedimensions as the aperture 34 (i.e. a height of 1 mm), then to provide asubstantial impedance match between the aluminum block and theplexiglass section, the ratio of the area of the abutting end face 44 ofthe aluminum block 41 is set at a fraction of the area of the plexiglasselement 70. This fraction is based upon the ratios of the inherentacoustic impedances of the two elements and desired acoustic coupling ofthe increased power density provided at the end face 44 of the aluminumblock 71. In the present example, the height 45 of the second end face44 of the aluminum block 41 may have a height on the order of 0.38 mm.

Since the plexiglass element 70 has a cross-section corresponding tothat of the acoustic input aperture 34 of the ATWL waveguide 30 and anacoustic impedance that is approximately twice that of the waveguidemedium (water), it is preferably configured as a quarter-wave platesection, so as to provide an acoustic impedance match between itsinterface with the reduced cross-section end of the tapered aluminumblock and the waveguide. The result of this cascaded series of acousticpropagation elements of successively decreasing or ‘stepped-down’acoustic impedance transform components—from the input face of taperedaluminum block to the exit face of the plexiglass quarter-wave plate—isto effectively match the acoustic impedance of the piezo-electrictransducer to that of the liquid acoustic traveling wave lens.

Turning now to the partial cross-sectional view of FIG. 5, oneembodiment of the waveguide channel 36 will now be described. Thescanned optical beam passes through the waveguide channel 36, which maybe defined by first and second generally parallel spaced apart walls 70,71. The waveguide channel 36 may further be defined by third and fourthgenerally spaced apart walls 72, 73 which intersect the first and secondspaced apart walls 70, 71. The first, second, third, and fourth walls70, 71, 72, 73 confine the acoustic wave propagation mediumtherebetween. The separation between the third and fourth spaced-apartwalls 72, 73 may be less than about one-half wavelength, but greaterthan about one-quarter wavelength of the acoustic traveling wave, forexample. Additionally, the separation between the third and fourthspaced apart walls 72, 73 may decrease from a first end 74 of thechannel waveguide 36 to a second end 75 thereof to maintain a constantacoustic power density of the acoustic wave traveling therealong.

While we have shown and described an embodiment in accordance with thepresent invention, it is to be understood that the same is not limitedthereto but is susceptible to numerous changes and modifications as areknown to a person skilled in the art, and we therefore do not wish to belimited to the details shown and described herein, but intend to coverall such changes and modifications as are obvious to one of ordinaryskill in the art.

What is claimed is:
 1. An arrangement for launching an acoustic waveinto a narrow channel waveguide of an acousto-optic scanner, said narrowchannel waveguide containing an acoustic wave propagation medium, uponwhich a scanned optical beam to be modulated by said acoustic wavetraveling through said narrow channel waveguide is incident, said narrowchannel waveguide having opposing first and second ends, saidarrangement comprising: an acoustic transducer having a first acousticimpedance for generating an acoustic wave in response to the applicationof an electrical drive signal thereto; and an acoustic impedancetransformer having a first end coupled to and of a different size than afirst end of said acoustic transducer, and a second end coupled to anacoustic input aperture of said narrow channel waveguide, and whereinsaid acoustic impedance transformer is physically configured toeffectively match an acoustic impedance of said acoustic transducer withan acoustic impedance of said acoustic wave propagation medium of saidnarrow channel waveguide.
 2. An arrangement according to claim 1,wherein said acoustic transducer has an electrical impedance matched tothat of drive circuitry supplying said electrical drive signal thereto.3. An arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the scanned optical beampasses through said narrow channel waveguide; and wherein said narrowchannel waveguide includes first and second generally spaced apart wallsand third and fourth generally spaced apart walls intersecting saidfirst and second spaced apart walls and confining a liquid acoustic wavepropagation medium therebetween.
 4. An arrangement according to claim 3,wherein said separation between said third and fourth spaced-apart wallsis less than one-half a wavelength, but greater than one-quarterwavelength of said acoustic traveling wave.
 5. An arrangement accordingto claim 3, wherein said separation between said third and fourth spacedapart walls decreases from said first end of said narrow channelwaveguide to said second end of said narrow channel waveguide so as tomaintain a constant acoustic power density of said acoustic wavetraveling therealong.
 6. An arrangement according to claim 1, whereinsaid acoustic impedance transformer comprises a first acoustic wavepropagation element having an acoustic impedance different from theacoustic impedance of said acoustic impedance transformer and having afirst end coupled to the first end of said acoustic transducer, thefirst end of said first acoustic wave propagation element having asurface area different from that of a surface area of the first end ofsaid acoustic transducer, and a second acoustic wave propagation elementhaving an acoustic impedance different from those of said first acousticwave propagation element, said acoustic transducer, and said narrowchannel waveguide, said second acoustic wave propagation element havinga first end coupled to said narrow channel waveguide and a second endcoupled to a second end of said first acoustic wave propagation element.7. An arrangement according to claim 6, wherein said second acousticpropagation element comprises an acoustic quarter-wave plate, a firstend of said acoustic quarter-wave plate having a surface area proximatethat of the acoustic input aperture of said narrow channel waveguide. 8.An arrangement according to claim 6, wherein the second end of saidfirst acoustic wave propagation element has a surface area differentthan the second end of said second acoustic propagation element.
 9. Anarrangement according to claim 8, wherein said first acousticpropagation element is tapered from said first end to said second endthereof.
 10. An arrangement according to claim 9, wherein said first endof said first acoustic propagation element has a surface area largerthan that of the first end of said acoustic transducer coupled thereto,and said second end of said first acoustic propagation element has asurface area less than that of said second end of said second acousticpropagation element.
 11. An acousto-optic scanner comprising: anacoustic transducer for generating an acoustic wave; a narrow channelwaveguide; an acoustic wave propagation medium in said narrow channelwaveguide; an optical beam generator for generating an optical beamthrough said acoustic wave propagation medium to be modulated by saidacoustic wave; and an acoustic impedance transformer connected betweensaid acoustic transducer and said narrow channel waveguide, saidacoustic impedance transformer being physically configured toeffectively match an impedance of said acoustic transducer with animpedance of said acoustic wave propagation medium and having a firstend coupled to and of a different size than a first surface of saidtransducer and a second end coupled to an acoustic input aperture ofsaid narrow channel waveguide.
 12. The acousto-optic scanner accordingto claim 11, wherein said acoustic transducer has an electricalimpedance matched to that of drive circuitry supplying an electricaldrive signal thereto.
 13. The acousto-optic scanner of claim 11 whereinsaid acoustic wave propagation medium comprises a liquid.
 14. Theacousto-optic scanner according to claim 11, wherein said narrow channelwaveguide includes first and second generally parallel spaced apartwalls and third and fourth generally spaced apart walls intersectingsaid first and second spaced apart walls and confining the acoustic wavepropagation medium therebetween.
 15. The acousto-optic scanner accordingto claim 14, wherein said separation between said third and fourthspaced-apart walls is less than one-half a wavelength, but greater thanone-quarter wavelength of said acoustic wave.
 16. The acousto-opticscanner according to claim 14, wherein said separation between saidthird and fourth spaced apart walls decreases from a first end of saidnarrow channel waveguide to a second end of said narrow channelwaveguide to maintain a constant acoustic power density of said acousticwave traveling therealong.
 17. The acousto-optic scanner according toclaim 11, wherein said acoustic wave impedance transformer comprises: afirst acoustic wave propagation element having an acoustic impedancedifferent from an acoustic impedance of said acoustic impedancetransformer and having a first end coupled to the first end of saidacoustic transducer, the first end of said first acoustic wavepropagation element having a surface area different from that of thesurface area of the first end of said acoustic transducer coupledthereto; and a second acoustic wave propagation element having anacoustic impedance different from those of said first acoustic wavepropagation element, said acoustic transducer, and said narrow channelwaveguide, said second acoustic wave propagation element having a firstend coupled to said narrow channel waveguide and a second end coupled toa second end of said first wave acoustic propagation element.
 18. Theacousto-optic scanner according to claim 17, wherein said secondacoustic propagation element comprises an acoustic quarter-wave plate,said first end of which has a surface area proximate that of an thesecond end of said narrow channel waveguide.
 19. The acousto-opticscanner according to claim 17, wherein the second end of said firstacoustic wave propagation element has a surface area different than andadjoining the second end of said second acoustic propagation element.20. The acousto-optic scanner according to claim 19, wherein said firstacoustic propagation element is tapered from said first end to saidsecond end thereof.
 21. The acousto-optic scanner according to claim 20,wherein said first end of said first acoustic propagation element has asurface area larger than that of the first end of said acoustictransducer coupled thereto; and wherein said second end of said firstacoustic propagation element has a surface area less than that of saidsecond end of said second acoustic propagation element.
 22. A method foracousto-optic scanning using an acousto-optic scanner comprising anacoustic transducer, a narrow channel waveguide, an acoustic wavepropagation medium in the narrow channel waveguide, and an optical beamgenerator for generating an optical beam through the acoustic wavepropagation medium, the method comprising: effectively matching animpedance of the acoustic transducer with an impedance of the acousticwave propagation medium by connecting an acoustic impedance transformertherebetween, the acoustic impedance transformer being physicallyconfigured to effectively match the impedances and having a first endcoupled to and of a different size than a first surface of the acoustictransducer and a second end coupled to an acoustic input aperture of thenarrow channel waveguide; and launching an acoustic wave from theacoustic transducer through the acoustic impedance transformer and intothe narrow channel waveguide while the optical beam passes therethroughto thereby perform acousto-optic scanning.
 23. A method according toclaim 22, wherein said acoustic transducer has an electrical impedancematched to that of drive circuitry supplying an electrical signal thatstimulates said acoustic transducer to launch an acoustic wave into saidacoustic impedance transformer.
 24. A method according to claim 22,wherein said acoustic impedance transformer comprises a first acousticwave propagation element having an acoustic impedance different from theacoustic impedance of said acoustic transducer and a first end to whichsaid acoustic transducer is coupled, said first end of said-firstacoustic wave propagation element having a surface area different fromthat of the surface area of said transducer coupled thereto, and asecond acoustic wave propagation element having an acoustic impedancedifferent from those of said first acoustic wave propagation element,said acoustic transducer and said narrow channel waveguide, adjoiningsaid first acoustic propagation element and having a first end coupledto said narrow channel waveguide.
 25. A method according to claim 24,wherein said first acoustic wave propagation element has a second end ofa surface area different than and adjoining a second end of said secondacoustic propagation element.
 26. A method according to claim 25,wherein said second acoustic propagation element comprises an acousticquarter-wave plate having a surface area proximate that of said acousticaperture of said narrow channel waveguide.
 27. A method according toclaim 26, wherein the narrow channel waveguide includes first and secondgenerally parallel spaced apart walls and third and fourth generallyspaced apart walls that intersect said first and second spaced apartwalls, the first, second, third, and fourth walls confining a liquidacoustic wave propagation medium therebetween; and wherein the scannedoptical beam passes through the first, second, third, and fourth walls.28. A method according to claim 27, wherein said separation between saidthird and fourth spaced-apart walls is less than one-half a wavelength,but greater than one-quarter wavelength of said acoustic traveling wave.29. A method according to claim 28, wherein said separation between saidthird and fourth spaced apart walls decreases from said first end ofsaid channel to said second end of said channel so as to maintain aconstant acoustic power density of said acoustic wave travelingtherealong.